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Download – Literature | |
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| In this area we promote the exchange of
ideas and the flow of information within the fuel cell community. We
present here a collection of very interesting and useful scientific
reports. The selection bases primarily on the association of these reports to the fields of testing and qualification of fuel cells. If anybody like to be presented with an own publication on this site we encourage you to give us a short information about this. |
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| Title | Protocol on Fuel Cell Component Testing (USFCC 04-003) | |
| Authors | (11/2004, Lit0070, 22 Seiten, 304 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| USFCC and the fuel cell industry are very interested in the potential effects of impurities in hydrogen on the performance of fuel cells. USFCC has generated a series of documents to support the effort on investigating these impurities. The intent of these documents is to give guidance to the investigators so that test data that is collected will be sufficient to generate numeric models to predict the performance of a cell with time. The purpose of this document is to supply guidance to the fuel cell industry on the testing of fuel impurities on Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrodes. This guidance is in the form of a primer for generating test plans. This primer addresses the types of testing and the sequence of testing required by the industry to generate the test data necessary for determining the effects of an impurity on the performance of a fuel cell. | ||
| Title | Influence of the Membrane Ion Exchange Capacity on the Catalyst Layer of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell | |
| Authors | Navessin (10/2004, Lit0081, 176 Seiten, 1.8 Mb) |
|
| Title | Investigations of Proton Conducting Polymers and Gas Diffusion Electrodes in the Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell | |
| Authors | Gode (07/2004, Lit0078, 68 Seiten, 1.4 Mb) |
|
| Title | Experimental Validation of a PEM Fuel Cell Model by Current Distribution Data | |
| Authors | Ju, Wang (06/2004, Lit0130, 7 Seiten, 833 kb) |
|
| Title | Effect of cathode structure on planar free-breathing PEMFC | |
| Authors | Hottinen, Himanen, Lund (06/2004, Lit0085, 6 Seiten, 227 kb) |
|
| Title | Model and Evaluation of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | |
| Authors | Springman (04/2004, Lit0134, 24 Seiten, 584 kb) |
|
| Title | AC IMPEDANCE INVESTIGATION OF FLOODING IN MICRO FLOW CHANNELS FOR FUEL CELLS | |
| Authors | Cha, O’Hayre, Prinz (01/2004, Lit0124, 5 Seiten, 434 kb) |
|
| Title | Effect of Relative Humidity on Catalytic Activity of Oxygen Reduction in Proton Exchange Mebrane Fuel Cells | |
| Authors | Song, Kunz, Fenton (01/2004, Lit0012, 1 Seite, 95 kb) |
|
| Title | Ion exchange resin/polystyrene sulfonate composite membranes for PEM fuel cells | |
| Authors | Chena, Krishnana, Srinivasana, Benzigerb, Bocarslya (01/2004, Lit0101, 7 Seiten, 330 kb) |
|
| Title | Fuels’ Paradise? How can Chemistry find a way out of the energy crisis? | |
| Authors | Quadt (01/2004, Lit0115, 19 Seiten, 282 kb) |
|
| Title | Lit0046 Advanced MEA technology for Hydrogen and Reformate PEMFC Application | |
| Authors | Koehler (11/2003, Lit0046, 23 Seiten, 2.2 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| In this presentation, the basic technical necessities for MEAs will be described custom-designed. Moreover, the development of the electrodes as well as the used catalysts of the cathode (hydrogen system) and of the anode (reformate system), and possible solutions to improve the MEA subcomponents with the main focus on the performance and the life time of the MEA are discussed. In addition to this, different illustration facilities are investigated concerning their advantages and disadvantages. To give examples, the tafel plot technique is used for the development of the cathode catalyst, the EIS is used for the development of the electrodes as well as for the design of the equivalent schematics, and the polarization measurements on the anode is used to observe degradation effects. As exerimental examples, the life time and performance will be characterized. | ||
| Title | The Air/Platinum/Nafion Tripl-Phase Boundary: Characteristics, Scaling and Implications for Fuel Cells | |
| Authors | O`Hayre, Prinz (11/2003, Lit0049, 7 Seiten, 1.4 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| This contribution examines the heterogeneous kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the Pt/Nafion/air triple-phase boundary (TPB). This system is of particular interest for low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. A focused ion beam system is used to prototype geometrically simple platinum microstructures directly on Nafion electrolyte membranes. By varying the size and shape of the platinum structures, the role and properties of the TPB are elucidated. Currentvoltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal that the ORR kinetics scale with TPB length. A faradaic resistance per unit TPB length of 6*10^9 Ohm µm is extracted under short-circuit conditions at room temperature. Although this value is determined from microscopic measurements of geometrically simple platinum structures, it is successfully applied to predict the bulk performance of large-area sputtered platinum catalyst fuel cells. | ||
| Title | Standardlösungen für die Brennstoffzellenprüfung | |
| Authors | Mathias Bode (10/2003, Lit0139, 2 Seiten, 0.9 kb)  |
|
| Title | Development and characterization of a silicon-based micro direct methanol fuel cell | |
| Authors | Lua, Wang, Yen , Zhang (09/2003, Lit0129, 8 Seiten, 325 kb) |
|
| Title | Ultra-Thin Composite membrane-electrode Assembly for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells | |
| Authors | Yuh, Kopp, Patel (08/2003, Lit0044, 4 Seiten, 214 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| The objectives of this article are the
presentation, as well as the solution of the technical problems with
regard to the development of a ultra thin composite for a MEA of a
high temperature PEMFC, such as the purity of the hydrogen, the carbon
monoxide cleaning, and the thermical as well as the water management.
Thereby, the membrane should be durable and long-living, and must be
able to endure a operating temperature in the range of 100-140 °C.
In addition to this, it should have a very small membrane resistance,
and hence a very high ionic conductivity with negligible conductivity
of electrons. Furthermore, a high mechanical capacity is aimed. |
||
| Title | EXPERIMENTAL DIAGNOSTICS OF PEM FUEL CELLS | |
| Authors | Mughal (07/2003, Lit0080, 64 Seiten, 778 kb) |
|
| Title | ENHANCEMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE TOLERANCE IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS | |
| Authors | Escribano, Fourneron (06/2003, Lit0122, 3 Seiten, 292 kb) |
|
| Title | Investigation on Storage Technologies for Intermittent Renewable Energies: Evaluation and recommended R&D strategy | |
| Authors | Boulanger, Perrin (06/2003, Lit0117, 45 Seiten, 2.1 Mb) |
|
| Title | Three-dimensional computational analysis of transport phenomena in a PEM fuel cell—a parametric study | |
| Authors | Berning, Djilali (06/2003, Lit0111, 13 Seiten, 811 kb) |
|
| Title | Development of novel self-humidifying composite membranes for fuel cells | |
| Authors | Liu, Yi, Xing, Yu, Hou, Fu (05/2003, Lit0131, 9 Seiten, 362 kb) |
|
| Title | Introduction to Fuel Cell Technology | |
| Authors | Rayment, Sherwin (05/2003, Lit0079, 156 Seiten, 2.1 Mb) |
|
| Title | Applications to SOFC | |
| Authors | Tuller, Hertz, Lappalainen (05/2003, Lit0050, 28 Seiten, 1.9 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| The main objective of this presentation is to answer the question how to create a mechanically stable and pinhole free thin electrolyte. The discussion about this question leads to a technique, which is called the grain boundary engineering. According to this, the presentation shows the challenges and opportunities. Furthermore, this work discusses different deposition methods to produce those thin electrolyte films. After that, the characterization of the microstructures of these deposited films is accomplished, mainly with techniques like AFM (atomic force microscopy) and XRD (x-ray diffraction). In addition to this, the CV-measurements and the impedance spectroscopy are explained on a MOS-capacitor considering as example. Finally, the approach of the micro fuel cell performance is illustrated. | ||
| Title | In-line Regelung der Methanolkonzentration in einem Brennstoffzellen Teststand | |
| Authors | Köllmann (03/2003, Lit0067, 79 Seiten, 1.3 Mb) |
|
| Title | NEW POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS OPERATING ABOVE 100°C- APPROACHES AND RECENT PROGRESS | |
| Authors | Li, Jensen, He, Bjerrum (03/2003, Lit0116, 15 Seiten, 379 kb) |
|
| Title | SIMULATION STUDY OF A PEM FUEL CELL SYSTEM FED BY HYDROGEN PRODUCED BY PARTIAL OXIDATION | |
| Authors | Ozdogan, Ersoz, Olgun (01/2003, Lit0120, 13 Seiten, 231 kb) |
|
| Title | Hardware Development For Impedance Spectroscopy on A 4-Cell PEMFC Stack Under Load | |
| Authors | Merida, Harrington, McLean, Djilali (01/2003, Lit0011, 9 Seiten, 491 kb) |
|
| Title | Interpretation of Impedance Spectra with State-Space Modelling | |
| Authors | Prestat, Gaukler (01/2003, Lit0020, 1 Seite, 100 kb) |
|
| Title | Modelling Impedance Diagrams of Fuel Cell | |
| Authors | Bulte, Le Gorrec, Diard, Walkievicz (01/2003, Lit0019, 1 Seite, 111 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| The present article describes the alignment of a dc and ac model of the fuel cell impedance. According to the dc and ac current measurements, this model also includes the contributions which can be allocate to the internal resistance, the kinetic of the oxygen reduction, the hydration oxidation, and to the mass transport the gas diffusion layer. Admittedly, in the approach of this model the diffusion and the ohmic drop in the active layer were disregarded. In particular, an equivalent electrical circuit for the PEMFC is developed and on this basis, diagrams of the impedance are simulated. Furthermore, this article explains the development of the semicircles in the nyquist plot, allocates this semicircles to the physical phenomena as well as the elements of the equivalent circuit. | ||
| Title | Chemical Modification of Fuel Cell Catalysts and Electrochemistry of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes | |
| Authors | Easton (01/2003, Lit0082, 220 Seiten, 1.3 Mb) |
|
| Title | In Situ Current Distribution Measurements in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells | |
| Authors | Mench, Wang, Ishikawab (01/2003, Lit0084, 8 Seiten, 1.1 Mb) |
|
| Title | Effect of ambient conditions on performance and current distribution of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell | |
| Authors | Hottinen, Noponenen, Mennola, Himanen, Mikkola,
Lund (01/2003, Lit0086, 7 Seiten, 342 kb) |
|
| Title | Intermediate Temperature SOFC based on fully intergrated Plasma sprayed Componets | |
| Authors | Ma, Hui, Zhang, Dai, Roth, Xiao, Reisner (01/2003, Lit0047, 6 Seiten, 582 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| This work addresses the fabrication of membrane-type SOFCs, operating at an intermediate temperature using all components fabricated by plasma spray technology, and to evaluate the performance of the SOFC single unit at a temperature range of 500-800 °C. Single cells composed of a LaSrMnO3 (“LSM”) cathode, LaSrGaMgO3 (“LSGM”) electrolyte and a Ni/YSZ anode, were fabricated in successive atmospheric plasma spraying processes. Plasma spraying processes have been optimized and tailored to each layer in order to achieve a high porosity cathode or anode layer as well as a high density electrolyte layer. Major effort has been devoted to the production of the LSGM electrolyte film with high density and free-cracking. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the conductivity of the electrode layers and particularly the resistance of the electrolyte layer. It was revealed that the heat treatment had a great influence on the specific conductivity of the sprayed electrolyte layer, and that the specific conductivity of the heattreated one was dramatically increased to the same magnitude as that of a sintered LSGM pellet. The experimental results have demonstrated that the plasma spray process has great potential for the integrated fabrication of the medium temperature SOFC units. | ||
| Title | Diffusion media materials and characterization | |
| Authors | Mathias, Roth, Fleming, Lehnert (01/2003, Lit0098, 21 Seiten, 1.4 Mb) |
|
| Title | A fuel cell model for building cogeneration applications | |
| Authors | Ferguson, Ugursal (01/2003, Lit0073, 8 Seiten, 844 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| A quasi steady state model for cogeneration PEM fuel cell systems has been developed for use in integrated building simulation. The model can predict the fuel cell system fuel use, and heat and electricity production in response to building loads. The model, including theory, structure and validation is discussed, and preliminary results demonstrating the model’s use with a building simulation program are presented. | ||
| Title | An In Situ Method for Determination of Current Distribution in PEM Fuel Cells Applied to a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell | |
| Authors | Mench, Wang (11/2002, Lit0097, 7 Seiten, 152 kb) |
|
| Title | Entwicklung von Kathodenstrukturen für die Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle SOFC | |
| Authors | Weber (07/2002, Lit0113, 179 Seiten, 11.8 Mb) |
|
| Title | Transmission Line Modeling | |
| Authors | Chen, Waraksa, Cho, Mcdonald, Mallouk (06/2002, Lit0014, 9 Seiten, 628 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| Porous electrodes provide high-surface-area supports for the catalysts of many reactions, but the influences of electrode preparation conditions on electrocatalysts are not always well understood. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can provide extensive information about an electrode, but the models describing the spectra are often too idealized to draw useful conclusions. This article describes a new model based on an array of parallel, nonuniform transmission lines for predicting the response of porous electrodes. The model incorporates physically realistic elements, such as discrete particles of variable size and adjustable multilayer stacking geometries. Resistance parameters were derived from experimental data for Pt4Ru4Ir-coated Ti0.9Nb0.1O2 and Ebonex electrodes prepared under varying degrees of oxidative conditioning. The results, which indicate a high degree of impedance at the support-solution interface and consequently, low catalyst utilization, suggest several strategies for improved electrode design. | ||
| Title | Impedance of Oxide Catalyst Supports | |
| Authors | Chen, Waraksa, Cho, Mcdonald, Mallouk (06/2002, Lit0013, 6 Seiten, 542 kb) |
|
| Title | SOFCs for Direkt Oxidation of Hydrocarbon Fuels with Samaria-Doped Ceria Electrolyte | |
| Authors | Lu, Worell, Gorte, Vohs (06/2002, Lit0015, 5 Seiten, 249 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| Samaria-doped ceria (SDC) electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with Cu-SDC and Cu-CeO2-SDC anode composites were fabricated. Current-voltage and impedance-spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize their performance at temperatures between 600 and 700°C. The cells demonstrated the ability to directly utilize not only hydrogen (H2) but also dry butane (C4 H10) fuel. At 700°C, the maximum power density of a cell with a Cu-CeO2-SDC anode composite was 246 and 170 mW/cm2 for H2 and C4H10 fuels, respectively. Impedance spectra suggested that for butane fuel, the anode resistance significantly limits the overall cell performance. It was shown that the addition of pure ceria to the anode significantly increased the catalytic activity for oxidation reactions and decreased the anode resistances. | ||
| Title | HYDROGEMS – Hydrogen energy models | |
| Authors | Ulleberg, Glöckner (06/2002, Lit0114, 12 Seiten, 284 kb) |
|
| Title | A sharp peak in the performance of sputtered platinum fuel cells at ultra-low platinum loading | |
| Authors | O´Hayre, Lee, Cha, Prinz (03/2002, Lit0038, 11 Seiten, 441 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| Proton exchange membrane fuel cells were fabricates by direct sputter deposition of platinum of Nafion 117 membranes. A sharp spike in the performance of these sputtered platinum fuel cells was observed at ultra-low platinum thickness values of 5-10 nm. Within this narrow thickness range, the power output capability of sputtered platinum fuel cells is several orders of magnitude better than the performance produced by thinner or thicker coatings. The spike in performance is explained by rapid changes in the sputtered film microstructure at the nanometer thickness level. When the membrane surface is deliberately modified by abrasion prior to sputtering, this sharp peak is not seen. Instead, a broad plateau is observed, where the performance is insensitive to the amount of sputteres platinum. This behavior stems from how surface roughening affects the sputtered catalyst layer continuity. The performance of a sputter-deposited membrane with a platinum loading level of 0.04 mg/cm_ is compared to a commercial membran electrode assembly (MEA) with a platinum loading of 0.4 mg/cm_. The maximum power output of the sputtered cell is three-fifths that of the commercial MEA, but uses one-tenth the platinum. | ||
| Title | Model of the Air System Transients in a Fuel Cell Vehicle | |
| Authors | Bird (01/2002, Lit0128, 143 Seiten, 3.8 Mb) |
|
| Title | Praktikum Brennstoffzellen | |
| Authors | Stefener (01/2002, Lit0108, 37 Seiten, 622 kb) |
|
| Title | Experimental Studies on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks | |
| Authors | Mikkola (12/2001, Lit0089, 106 Seiten, 1.4 Mb) |
|
| Title | PEM Fuel Cell Design, Engineering, Modeling and Diagnostic Issues | |
| Authors | Barbir (11/2001, Lit0068, 30 Seiten, 2 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| This presentation explains the fuel cell development process with the help of a program flow chart. Moreover, it discusses the role of the modeling process and that of the diagnostic within a fuel cell development process. In addition to this, it gives a list of the main components of a fuel cell, a description of the stack design, and discusses questions in regard to the development. This work also investigates the influence of the PEM thickness on the cell resistance and the performance. Furthermore, the differences between single cells and stacks, a modeling example with the FEM technique, and the description of possible diagnostic techniques (i.e. polarization curve, current interrupt, and ac impedance measurement) are given. | ||
| Title | Relaxation impedance as a model for the deactivation mechanism of fuel cells | |
| Authors | Schiller, Richter, Gülzow, Wagner (05/2001, Lit0027, 4 Seiten, 155 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
The influence of carbon monoxide poisoning on the platinum anode in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Impedance measurements of the cell under constant load were performed at periodic time intervals. Due to the poisoning effect of the carbon monoxide, the system changes its state during the experiment. The reconstruction of quasi-causal spectra was made possible using enhanced numerical procedures, especially the time course interpolation and the Z-HIT refinement. The reconstructed impedance spectra show a strong time dependence and exhibit pseudo-inductive contributions at the low frequency part of the spectra which increase during the experiment. Analysis of the spectra suggests that the pseudo-inductive behaviour can be attributed to a surface relaxation process of the anode. Furthermore, the influence of carbon monoxide on the electrochemical behaviour of the contaminated fuel cell may be interpreted by means of a Faraday impedance in addition to potential-dependent hindrance of the charge transfer. |
||
| Title | Die autokatalytische H2O2-Reduktion an Ag-Elektroden | |
| Authors | Eickes (05/2001, Lit0058, 141 Seiten, 1.9 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| This dissertation gives detailed basics about investigation methods such as the cyclical voltametry, galvanostatic measurements, and the EIS. The latter is explained more precisely. In addition to the basics, the kinetic analysis of the faradayic impedance for three independent variables are explained. Moreover, this work discusses the electochemical measuring setup, and the used chemicals. An additonal measuring method explained in this work, is the XPS technique (X ray photoelectron spectroscopy). In the practical part of this dissertation, EIS investigations on Ag electrodes as well as the kinetic analysis of the electrode impedance of the system Ag/H2O2/HClO4 are done. In this connection, the experimental measuring datas obtained and the results of the simulation are compared with each other. | ||
| Title | Algorithm Development for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Diagnostics in PEM Fuel Cells | |
| Authors | Latham (01/2001, Lit0018, 178 Seiten, 2.3 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| In the beginning of this work, there is shown an introduction of the different types of fuel cells, diagnostic techniques, and backgrounds of the perturbations of fuel cells such as perturbations of the watermanagement (flooding, drying) and catalyst poisoning. Following this, this work is occupied with the electrochemical impedance spectrosopy (EIS). It gives a detailed functional description of the EIS, specifies the required devices for this measurement technique, describes the execution of those measurements, and discusses the derivation as well as the fitting of the equivalent electrical circuits to the measured data. Furthermore, this publication gives a revealing exposition regarding to the interpretation of the taken impedance spectra. According to this, the measurement of the impedance can identify pertubations and faults which not only appear in a drop of the cell voltage. In addition to this, the developed models will be taken some statistical tests (i.e. Chi-squared and F-test) to evaluate their deviations and the validity respectively. For deviations that are not negligible, factors for correction are calculated. The general ambition of this work is the development of algorithms to identify pertubations of fuel cells with the help of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The reason for this intention is to set on the design and development of diagnostic hardware and test stations for fuel cells respectively. Referring to this, it is also given a detailed description of the experiments accomplished, and the results obtained. | ||
| Title | Modelling of Thermodynamic Fuel Cell Systems | |
| Authors | Nielsen, Bang, Bach (01/2001, Lit0105, 18 Seiten, 242 kb) |
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| Title | Validation and evaluation of electrochemical impedance spectra of systems | |
| Authors | Schiller, Richter, Gülzow, Wagner (09/2000, Lit0031, 5 Seiten, 215 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
The influence of hindered water removal from a polymer electrolyte fuel cell under constant load was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The cathodic gas outlet of the cell was closed and impedance measurements were performed at periodic time intervals. Under the experimental conditions, the investigated system is far from steady-state conditions. It is shown that enhanced mathematical techniques are required for evaluation of the impedance data obtained. These techniques, the time course interpolation as well as the Z-HIT refinement, lead to quasi-causal spectra which are well interpreted by means of the porous electrode model. |
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| Title | The Electrochemistry of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes | |
| Authors | Bieberle, Anja (06/2000, Lit0064, 232 Seiten, 1.3 Mb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
| This dissertation yields a very precise overview abut the EIS method as well as their characteristical parameters. Particularly concerning to the SOFC, this work gives wide informations about the used materials, the microstructur of the oxide, as well as the kinetic of the reaction occured.Especially for the realization of the modeling, the state-space approach is axplained, and a comparison of the experimental results with the simulated ones is done. Furthermore, experimental studies about different material systems are shown in this work. | ||
| Title | Development and Evaluation of a Test Apparatus for Fuel | |
| Authors | Davis (05/2000, Lit0126, 98 Seiten, 602 kb) |
|
| Title | PEM Fuel Cell Water And Thermal Management: A Methodology to Understand Water and Thermal Management in an Automotive Fuel Cell System | |
| Authors | Badrinarayanan (01/1999, Lit0136, 85 Seiten, 464 kb) |
|
| Title | Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Battery Research and Development | |
| Authors | Shih, Lo (01/1996, Lit0033, 61 Seiten, 390 kb) |
|
| Abstract | ||
This technical report gives descriptions concerning the experimental techniques of the EIS. Moreover, common types of batteries, and studies regarding different electrode materials, electrolyte solutions, and conductive polymers are discussed. Furthermore, this report shows EIS studies for fuel cells respectively. Among these things, the ionic conductivity of SOFC and PEMFC membranes, the reaction mechanism of the electrodes, as well as studies about the gas diffusion electrode are described in this work. |
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| test the future | ||
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